概述

立陶宛依赖俄罗斯进口化石燃料是一项经济和政治挑战。与此同时，国内生物质资源仍然充足。从2000年到2015年，用于区域集中供热（DH）的生物质使用量从2％增长至61％ - 区域集中供热使用的生物质份额首次超过了进口天然气的份额。立陶宛已达到欧盟对其的可再生能源消费激励指令目标，即到2020年将这一比率提高到23％。

For Lithuania dependence on imported fossil fuels from Russia was an economic and political challenge. At the same time, indigenous biomass resources were and still are abundant. From 2000 to 2015 biomass use in DH sector increased form 2 % to 61 % - the share of biomass used in DH first time exceeded the share of imported gas. Lithuania has already reached the targets of the EU Directive regarding the Incentives for Consumption of Renewable Energy Resources for Lithuania to increase this rate to 23 percent until 2020.

这种增长的主要原因是立陶宛拥有巨大的可再生能源资源（例如，立陶宛森林覆盖率为33.2％，即约220万公顷 ），使用生物质供热的价格也比天然气价格低3倍）。立陶宛的生物质人均占有率是欧盟最高的国家之一，据估计，到2020年，立陶宛将根据现有用于满足能源所需的生物质数量，实现在欧盟领先。

The main reason for this growth is enormous renewable energy resources in Lithuania (for example, forests cover ~ 33.2 percent of Lithuania (2,2 M hа)), also the price of using biomass for heating is up to 3 times lower than price of natural gas). The amount of biomass per capita in Lithuania is one of the highest in the European Union and it is estimated that in 2020 Lithuania will take the lead in the EU according to the quantity of available biomass for energy needs.

立陶宛集中供热方式发展 

供热一直是生活在像立陶宛这样的高海拔的人们面临的最重要问题，也是全球问题之一。在每年有6-7个月的时间，当夜间温度低于0°C（有时甚至低于-30°C）时，只有准备充分的人（家庭、社区、城市、国家）才能生存下来。

Heating has always been one of the most important and problematic global issues for people living in the altitudes like Lithuania. Over a span of 6 to 7 month a year, when the temperature at night time drops below 0˚C (and sometimes even below -30˚C), only a well prepared person (family, community, city, nation) can survive and develop the country.

立陶宛是统一的议会共和国，仅有约300万人口。它是欧洲所谓的“北欧波罗的海”地区的一部分，占地面积65300平方公里，首都是维尔纽斯。1009年，德国人在书中第一次提及 “立陶宛”一词，这也是迄今能找到的最早的“立陶宛”国名的书面记载。该国历史悠久：在15-18世纪，立陶宛大公国是波兰-立陶宛王国的一部分，统治领土从波罗的海到黑海。

Lithuania is unitary parliamentary republic with a population of around 3 million people only. It is a part of the so-called “Nordic Baltic” region of Europe, occupying the area of 65.300 sq. kilometers with the capital of Vilnius. The first written mention of Lithuania is found in a medieval German manuscript the “Annals of Quedlinburg” dated 9th of March, 1009. The country has a great history: in the 15-18th centuries The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ruling the territory from the Baltic to the Black sea.

立陶宛曾是苏联的一部分（1940-1990），自1990年3月11日该国恢复独立以来，能源供应和安全问题变得非常重要。苏联时代的能源体系的发展方式与所有其他共和国一样：电力供应体系以大型发电机为基础，包括核能（立陶宛在伊格纳林纳核电站有两座堆，每座1600MW），城市的供热是基于天然气的热量产生的，并通过发达的但缺乏维护的集中供热系统供应。另外，所有的天然气供应都是由俄罗斯的管道设计的，所有的电力系统只与邻近的白俄罗斯和拉脱维亚（所谓的BRELL环，与西方没有联系）连接。因此，这种“继承”的转变是不可避免的，问题只是如何摆脱这种情况。

Lithuania was part of the Soviet Union (1940-1990), and since the country got back its independence on 11th of March 1990 the issues of energy supply and security have become of major importance. The energy system during the Soviet times was developed in the same way as in all the other Republics of the Soviet Union: the electricity supply system was based on large generators, including nuclear (Lithuania had two nuclear blocks at Ignalina NPP, 1600MW each), the heating of the cities was based on heat generation from gas and supplied through well developed, but poorly maintained district heating systems. Also, all the gas supply was designed only by the pipe-line from Russia, and all the electricity system was connected only with the neighboring Byelorussia and Latvia (in so called BRELL ring, there was no connection to the West). Therefore, the transformation of such “inheritance” was inevitable, the question was only how to get out of this situation.

当你回顾过去，掌握所有必要的信息，了解“错误”，“优点”以及某种方式的不同方面时，我们可以无休止地讨论模型和改革。但我希望将此留给其他人，而不是简单介绍立陶宛改革后的能源体系，重点关注立陶宛集中供热系统中的生物质能源开发的主题。

We can discuss endlessly about models and reforms, when you look back, having all the necessary information, knowing “mistakes”, “advantages” and different aspects of one way or another. But I would like to leave this for others, instead introducing you shortly to a reformed energy system of Lithuania, focusing on the main topic – development of Biomass energy in District Heating systems of Lithuania.

目前立陶宛是一个国家，每年的终端用电量约为10 TWh，供热需要约20 TWh，液体燃料用于运输20 TWh。伊格纳林纳核电厂已关闭（2009年），但仍需要大量人力、投资和公共资金用于关闭和确保其安全。国内发电仍以改进的燃气利用技术为基础，但其可再生能源市场份额约为15％（风能、水电和生物质能发电量的约2.5％）。但电网已与瑞典（NordBalt，700MW）连接，并与波兰（LitPolLink，500MW）连接完成，因此立陶宛将成为波罗的海新电力环网的一部分。当然，由于电力行业的转型（不存在大型无效的旧式工厂），从1990年电力消费也开始显着下降，这也是因为电力消费的效益日益增强。

At present Lithuania is a country, where final electricity consumption is about 10 TWh annually, the heating requires around 20 TWh, and liquid fuels for transport another 20 TWh. Ignalina NPP was closed (in 2009), but it still requires a lot of man power, investment and public money spent on the process of closing and on insuring its safety. Local generation of electricity is still based on improved gas-using technology, but with around 15% of market share of renewables (wind, hydro and around 2,5% of biomass electricity). But the electricity grid already has a connection to Sweden (NordBalt, 700 MW), and a connection to Poland (LitPolLink, 500 MW) completed, so Lithuania will become a part of a new – Baltic electricity ring. Of course, the consumption of electricity dropped significantly from 1990, because of the transformation of the industry (there are not any more large ineffective old style plants and factories), also because of the growing effectiveness of the electricity consumption.

当我们谈到立陶宛的供热问题时，我们需要了解，城市（包括小城镇和农村更大的村庄）普遍采用的供热模式是集中供热，因为它是在苏维埃政权时期发展起来的。55％的热量用户由集中供热公司提供服务。

When we come to the heating issue in Lithuania, we need to understand, that the prevailing heating model in the cities (including smaller towns and even bigger villages in the countryside) is district heating, as it was developed during the Soviet regime.

为此，我们在立陶宛拥有2683公里的集中供热管道，478座装机容量为8200MW的锅炉房，其中有1530MW的生物质锅炉房。有41家市政公司和12家私营公司参与了向消费者供热和供应的过程，有7家私营公司只作为独立的热量生产者参与发电。每年产生高达10TWh的热量并供应给消费者，平均损耗约为15％。（另有7-9 TWh在私人住宅及其他并非与集中供热有关连的地方生产及消费）。集中供热模型对于建筑物供热是一种非常有效、干净且消费友好的方式，但仅限于这种情况，这种热量很便宜时。这是立陶宛发展生物质能的主要问题和机遇。

55% of heat consumers are served by district heating companies. For this purpose we have 2683 km of DH pipes in Lithuania, 478 boiler houses with installed capacity of 8200 MW, and 1530 MW of biomass boiler houses among them. 41 municipal and 12 private companies are involved in the process of heat production and supply to the consumers, 7 private companies are involved in heat generation only as independent heat producers. Up to 10 TWh of heat is produced annually and supplied to consumers, with average losses in the grid of around 15%. (Another 7-9 TWh is produced and consumed in private houses and other premises not connected to DH). DH model is a really effective, clean and consumerfriendly for heating buildings, but only in the way, when such heat is cheap or - to put it better - affordable. And this was the major problem as well as an opportunity for the development of biomass energy in Lithuania.

天然气昂贵

在立陶宛于2004年成为欧盟（EU）成员国（MS）之后，来自俄罗斯的主要和唯一天然气供应商Gasprom公司开始提高天然气价格。这个过程在下面的图1中清晰可见。

After Lithuania became a member state (MS) of the European Union (EU) in 2004, the main and only natural gas supplier Gasprom from Russia started to increase prices on gas. This process is clearly visible in the figure No.1 below.

图1.不含增值税的天然气价格（包括运输和产能费）的动态。

Figure 1. The dynamic of natural gas price (including transportation and capacity fee) without VAT.

天然气价格在2008年和2012年达到顶峰，当时集中供热公司必须支付2050 Lt / toe（593 EUR / toe）的天然气费用，包括输配电费。

The peak of gas prices was reached in 2008 and 2012, when DH companies had to pay for natural gas over 2050 Lt/toe (593 EUR/toe), including transmission and distribution fees.

立陶宛成为欧盟的成员国，支付最高的进口天然气价格。这个价格被认为是“政治”价格，与市场情况没有什么共同之处。在一些争端后，Gasprom公司甚至停止向乌克兰输送天然气之后，立陶宛开始感到天然气供应不安全，天然气价格高涨加剧了国际贸易的不平衡。由Gasprom公司掌控的天然气供应和“政治”价格管制也造成了立陶宛2008年尝试加入欧元区的首次也是唯一的失败，因为可持续和商定的通货膨胀率标准未能实现，以及天然气和热量价格大幅上涨。

Lithuania became a MS of the EU, paying the highest price for imported gas. This price became recognized as “political” price, having nothing in common with the market situation. After some Gasprom disputes and even stopping of gas delivery to Ukraine, Lithuania started to feel also insecurity of gas supply, and high prices on gas deepened the misbalance of international trade. Gas supply and “political” price regulation by Gasprom also caused the first and only fail of attempt to join EUR zone by Lithuania in 2008, as the criteria of sustainable and agreed inflation rate was not met because of the sharp price increase on gas, and consequently - on heat.

立陶宛就天然气价格的调控开始了一些针对Gasprom公司的国际法律案件，并且已经赢得了其中一个。此外，液化天然气终端（标志性名称为“独立”）建成并于2014年开始运营。

Lithuania started several international legal cases against Gasprom regarding the regulation of gas prices, and has already won one of them. Also, a LNG terminal (with the very symbolic name “Independence”) was built and started to operate in 2014.

图2显示了热量消费者的价格上涨。

Price increase for heat consumers is indicated in figure No.2.

图2. 1996年，1998 - 2014年平均集中供热价格（不含增值税）。

Figure 2. Average district heat prices (excluded VAT) in year 1996, 1998–2014.

在独立之前，立陶宛也有机会利用生物质产生热量。例如，1988年，一个生物质锅炉安装在一个地区小镇Birzai。然而，自独立恢复以来，这一进程与北欧国家合作并利用立陶宛援助方案资金（Phare等）获得了势头。生物质锅炉房（主要使用木片和森林采伐剩余物）的数量和装机容量开始迅速增长。但仍有许多工作需要做：2004年（立陶宛进入欧盟的那一年），集中供热生产的热量不到10％。

The opportunity to use biomass for the production of heat in Lithuania was also known before the independence. For instance, in 1988 a biomass boiler was installed in a regional town Birzai. However, the process gained momentum since the restoration of the independence, in cooperation with Nordic countries and using the funds of assistance programs for Lithuania (Phare, etc.). The number of biomass boiler houses (using mainly chipped wood and forest logging residues) and the amount of their installed power started to grow rapidly. But still – huge work to be done was visible ahead: in 2004 (the Year, when Lithuania entered the EU) less than 10% of heat in DH was produced from biomass.

当外国能源公司（例如来自法国的Dalkia和芬兰的Fortum）进入立陶宛的集中供热市场时，加速了从天然气向生物质过渡的过程。他们带来了集中供热方式的转型以及与西方（斯堪的纳维亚）技术公司关系的明确愿景。

The process of transition from gas to biomass was accelerated when foreign energy companies (e.g. Dalkia from France, Fortum from Finland) entered DH market in Lithuania. They brought clear vision of transformation of DH and relationships to Western (Scandinavian) technology companies.

当地企业也发现了对投资感兴趣的行业。当时建立了专门的生物质生产和供应公司。他们的主要活动领域是收集、加工、储存和运输，确保向锅炉房连续供应生物质。值得注意的是，新兴的生物质能源行业不仅解决供热问题，而且解决了生态问题：木材行业，锯木厂积累了大量未使用的木材废物和残留物，这些都给这些公司的管理人员带来了很大的麻烦。生物质能源的发展提出了一个全面的可接受的解决方案 - 使用这种废料作为燃料，并取代进口化石燃料。第一批当地公司，生物质能设备生产商---锅炉和完整的锅炉房---也在当时建立。

Local business also discovered the sector interesting for investments. At that time specialized biomass production and supply companies were established. Their main areas of activities were collection, processing, storage and delivery, ensuring a continuous supply of biomass to boiler houses. It is important to note that the emerging biomass energy industry addressed not only the heat supply issue, but also the ecological problem: wood industry, sawmills had accumulated vast amounts of unused wood waste and residues, which caused a big headache for managers of those companies. Development of Biomass energy proposed a comprehensive acceptable solution – using such waste as fuel, and replacing imported fossil fuels. The first local companies, producers of biomass energy equipment – boilers and complete boiler houses – were also created at that time.

立陶宛生物质能协会成立

很明显，这种情况需要对各种相关机构的生物质资源和生物质生产过程采取新的方法：经济部、能源部、农业与环境部、国有林业企业、私人林场和能源公司等。需要对生物质资源及其开发前景采取系统科学的方法，这必须在立法体系中反映出来。2003年6月4日开始计划创建生物质能协会，最终于2004年底成立并组建。除了处理公司重要的商业问题之外，它开始建立生物质能视角的方法。一些最重要的未来任务包括发展生物质能市场、研究生物质资源、发展涵盖整个生物质能源链的协会成员、建立立陶宛与外国合作伙伴关系、在立陶宛截取和传播国外经验。此外，活动和操作方法已被确认用于：组织会议和研讨会、在杂志和报纸上撰写文章、采访和参与公开讨论、作为专家参与决策过程、促进生物质能源公共活动、发起科学研究以及传播最佳做法和实例等。

It became clear that this situation requires a new approach to biomass resources and biomass production processes of various related institutions: The Ministries of Economy, Energy, Agriculture and Environment, state-owned forest enterprises, private foresters, energy companies, and, of course, municipalities. There was a need for a systematic, science-based approach to biomass resources and their exploitation prospects, which had to be reflected in the legislative system. On 4th of June 2003 creation process of biomass energy association started, with the final formation and incorporation at the end of 2004. In addition to commercial issues important for companies it began to build its approach to the biomass energy perspective. Some of the most important prospective tasks included development of the biomass energy market, researches on biomass resources, development of the association membership covering the entire biomass energy chain, building cooperation and partnership relationships in Lithuania and with foreign partners, interception and dissemination of foreign experience in Lithuania. Also the number of activities and methods of operation have been confirmed as to be used: organizing conferences and seminars, writing articles in magazines and newspapers, giving interviews and participating in public discussions, taking part in decision making process as experts, promoting biomass energy in public events, initiating scientific research studies, disseminating the best practices and examples, etc.

立陶宛生物质能协会（Litbioma）创立于2004年。为了实现发展目标，立陶宛生物质能协会在国内外建立了广泛的关系网络，充当“智囊团”，产生愿景和想法，收集和传播信息，并作为游说组织。立陶宛生物质能协会于2006年成为欧洲生物质协会（AEBIOM）的成员，并于2015年加入世界生物质能协会(WBA)。我们还是世界能源委员会、立陶宛工业家联合会、陶宛可再生能源联合会以及欧洲颗粒委员会（European pellet council）成员。立陶宛生物质能协会已经与国家森林总局、立陶宛森林所有者协会、立陶宛集中供热协会以及立陶宛能源交易所BALTPOOL运营商建立了合作关系。我们还与乌克兰生物质能协会（UABIO）达成了合作协议。通过这种方式，立陶宛生物质能协会有能力不断参与全球生物质能行业相关的信息流动。该协会的成员人数也在不断增长，到2014年达到57家，覆盖生物质能源的所有领域（研发、生物质生产及设备生产）。如上所述，生物质能源生产企业与立陶宛集中供热协会是合作伙伴关系。

The activity of Lithuanian biomass energy association Litbioma was started in 2004. Following its goals, Litbioma created a wide network of relationships nationally and internationally, acting as a “think tank”, generating visions and ideas, gathering and disseminating information, and as lobbying organization. Litbioma became a member of AEBIOM in 2006, and joined WBA in 2015. We are also members of World Energy Council Lithuanian committee, Lithuanian confederation of industrialists, Lithuanian confederation of renewable energy resources, European pellet council. Litbioma has entered into partnership with Directorate general of state forests and |Lithuanian association of forest owners, Lithuanian District heating association, Operator of the Lithuanian energy exchange BALTPOOL. We have also a partnership agreement with UABIOBioenergy association in Ukraine. In this way Litbioma is in position to participate constantly in the flow of information, related to biomass energy industry worldwide. The number of members of the association has also been growing, reaching 57 companies by 2014, covering all the spheres of the biomass energy (R&D, biomass mobilization and production, equipment production). Companies, producing energy from biomass, are united in Lithuanian district heating association, which is a partner organization, as mentioned above.

立陶宛生物质潜力的估算成为立陶宛生物质能协会的核心问题。只有可持续使用生物质和科学证明的资源，在讨论生物质能是否有发展限制以及它们从哪获取作为一个严肃的论点。由立陶宛生物质能协会、立陶宛森林研究所、国家森林总局和私营森林所有发起的研究为保护生物质能日益增长的木材消耗提供了可能。

Estimation of biomass potential in Lithuania became the core issue for Litbioma. Only sustainable use of biomass and scientifically proven resources served as a serious argument in discussion whether biomass energy has limits of its development and where they are. The number of research studies, initiated by Litbioma with the involvement of Lithuanian forest institute, Directorate general of state forest and private forest owners’ organizations gave a possibility to protect the increasing consumption of wood for biomass energy.

“立陶宛的生物质潜力评估、生物质价格预测、使用生物质的社会效益评估以及国家干预措施促进生物质利用的建议”，这项工作于2013年完成。（auth.M.Nagevičius ）已成功介绍给市场和政治家的所有参与者。它清楚地表明，立陶宛拥有足够多的木质生物质，并有额外的储量，来自城市垃圾、农业和泥炭，作为当地燃料。事实上，2012根据耶鲁大学，立陶宛国家森林被公认为全球森林保护最好的，每年发布环境绩效指数，向我们所有人表明，立陶宛在发展国家林业以满足生物质能需求方面也处于正确的道路上。市场很早就表明了这一积极趋势：尽管立陶宛的天然气价格波动很大（图3），但从2004年快速生物质能发展之初，生物质价格便宜3倍。

The work was finalized in 2013, after the “Assessment of biomass potential in Lithuania, price forecast for biomass, assessment of social benefits of using biomass, and proposals of state interventions for the development of the use of biomass” (auth. M. Nagevičius) was successfully introduced to all the participants of the market and politicians. It clearly showed, that we have in Lithuania more than enough woody biomass (1,5 M toe annually), with additional reserves, coming from municipal waste, agricultural sector and peat, as a local fuel in total- 2,2 M toe annually. The fact, that Lithuanian state forests were recognized as the best protected in the world in 2012 in accordance with Yale University, issuing Environmental Performance Index on annual basis, showed to all of us, that Lithuania is also on the right way in developing the state forestry for the needs of biomass energy. The market indicated this positive trend much earlier: from the beginning of fast biomass energy development in 2004, biomass remained up to 3 times cheaper, despite the deep fluctuation of the gas price in Lithuania (Figure No.3)

图3.不含增值税的天然气和生物质价格（包括运输和产能费）的比较。

Figure 3. The comparison of natural gas and biomass price (including transportation and capacity fee) without VAT.

立陶宛生物质能协会的下一个重要工作是积极参与制定立陶宛国家能源战略（2007年的一项法律），并参与制定可再生能源法和相关文件（2009-2011）。 生物质能的潜力首次被评估并被列为最重要的法律行为！

The next very important part of the work for Litbioma was active participation in creation of Lithuanian national energy strategy (a law from 2007) and in the process of creation on Renewable energy law and related documents (2009-2011). For the first time the potential of biomass energy was evaluated and stated in legal acts of the highest importance!

生物质集中供热稳步发展

2014年初，经过10年的积极发展，立陶宛生物质能协会得出结论，集中供热从天然气转为生物质能成为国家现代化的成功案例和非常积极的例子。2014年，立陶宛集中供热系统中约49％的热量来自生物质，这是首次克服进口天然气，2015-2016年采暖季节生物质达到61％（图4）。

In the beginning of 2014, after 10 years of active development, Litbioma came to conclusion, that switch from gas to biomass energy in DH became a success story and very positive example of modernisation of the country. Almost 49% of heat in DH systems of Lithuania was produced from biomass in 2014, for the first time overcoming imported gas, and 61% was reached for biomass in the heating season of 2015-2016 (Figure No.4).

图4. 2015-2016年在立陶宛集中供热完成从天然气向生物质的转变。

Figure 4. Years 2015-2016 finalizing the transition from gas to biomass in DH of Lithuania.

几乎所有的城市、城镇和更大的村庄现在都有生物质能集中供热，能够覆盖基本负荷和供热和供热水。很多时候，生物质能涵盖了100％的必要热量（在小城镇中）。实际上，只有在立陶宛首都维尔纽斯，这种转型仍在进行中。

Practically all the cities, towns and bigger villages have now biomass district heating, capable to cover base load and supply heat and hot water. It is very often, that biomass energy covers 100% of necessary heat (in smaller towns). Practically, only in the capital of Lithuania Vilnius this type of transition is still in progress.

2017年，新建生物质能热电联产项目将在立陶宛完成从天然气向生物质的转换。这个令人印象深刻的大型能源机组将能够生产400GWh的电力（3.7％的立陶宛消费量），将向维尔纽斯的集中供热电网提供1240 GWh的热量（提供高达维尔纽斯需求的50％），并将每年减少二氧化碳排放量230000吨。加上现有的维尔纽斯生物质锅炉房和热电联产项目的容量，它将足以覆盖甚至超过基本负荷，而只有在非常寒冷的日子达到峰值才需要借助燃气发电机。此后，立陶宛集中供热的生物质能将达到不低于80％的市场份额。

A new biomass powered CHP, with WtE block built in addition, will finish this switch from gas to biomass in Lithuania in 2017. This impressive and large energy unit will be able to produce 400GWh of electricity (3,7% consumption of Lithuania), will supply to DH grid in Vilnius 1.240 GWh of heat (delivering up to 50 % of Vilnius need), and will reduce the emission of CO2 by 230.000t annually. Together with the existing capacities of biomass boiler houses and CHP in Vilnius it will be enough to cover even more than base load, and only peaks during very cold days will require a little help of gas generators. After this is done, biomass heat in Lithuanian DH will reach not less than 80% of market share. The work will be finished!

生物质能也在工业中占有一席之地。木材加工行业传统上曾经是过程中的“破冰”（显然要考虑到他们必须处理的主要原材料）。但我们很自豪，来自生物质的便宜清洁的热量和蒸汽能深受欢迎，如牛奶、渔业，纸和烟草厂，甚至化学工业。 2015年，来自当地企业生产的便宜生物质能产生了1300GWh的热量，这显着提高了立陶宛生产商的兼容性，因为他们的工厂都有成本效益和清洁的生物质能源装置。

Biomass energy also found its place in industry. Wood processing industry traditionally used to be the “ice-breaker” of the process (what is obvious having in mind the main raw material they have to deal with). But we are proud, that cheap and clean heat and steam from biomass is liked by others, like milk and fish industry, paper and tobacco plants, even chemical industry. 1.300GWh of  heat was produced from cheap and local biomass in industrial companies in Year 2015.This significantly increased compatibility of Lithuanian producers due to cost-effective and clean biomass energy applications in theirs factories and plants.

过去的十年里，立陶宛的生物质产业在也发展壮大。生物质技术、生产及供应公司雇用了6500多人。技术设备出口在2015年达到5000万欧元，但预计到2020年将增长到3亿欧元。平均工资比立陶宛经济领域的平均水平高出50％。

Biomass industry of Lithuania has grown itself as well during the last decade. More than 6500 people are employed in technological companies and production and supply of biomass. The export of technological equipment reached 50 M EUR in 2015, but is expected to grow up to 300 M EUR in 2020. The average salary is 50% higher in this sphere of Lithuanian economy, comparing to the average.

总结

因此，立陶宛从进口的化石燃料到当地生物质的转变降低了消费者的热量价格，并降低了二氧化碳的排放量。工作岗位数量大幅增加，实现科技研发、企业合作以及规模化技术发展。生物质能有助于改善农村地区的社会和经济状况，并在某些情况下提供更好的土地利用解决方案。它还改善了国家的对外贸易平衡，最终实现了能源独立和改善环境状况。

As a result, this transition from imported fossil fuel-gas to local biomass offered to Lithuania lower prices of heat to consumers and lower emissions of CO2. Number of jobs increased significantly, and R&D, cooperation of science and business, development of technologies took place in large scale. Biomass energy helped to improve social and economic situation in rural regions, also offering in some cases solutions for better land use. It also improved foreign trade balance of the state, finally - increased energy independence and environmental situation.